short story dion

MOURNING IN THE MORNING

BY : MARSUDIONO


I
had appointment with Amy to meet her at the second floor of library building in my campus. I promised her to come on time at exactly nine o’clock in the morning. We were going to discuss the introductory chapter of her thesis. I didn’t know why I had so voluntarily eager to help her. In fact, my own thesis was still facing so many troubles, a never-ending serious problems. I leaved my boarding house in Karangmalang area in hurry. There was no figure in my mind but the face of Amy.
Soon after arriving at library, I put my bag in the drawer at the first floor and went up stair. Coming to the second floor. I let my eyes look around at every corner of the room to find her. I walked around restlessly. Finally, my eyes caught a figure of a pretty girl sitting on the chair reading a book. I watched her enthusiastically and then walked approaching her.
“Amy…Have you been long waiting for me?” I said in a soft voice.
“Hi Leo…not yet…just a moment.” Amy answered my question while threw a sweet smile at me.
I had a seat beside her. My heart went on trembling. I didn’t understand why every time I met her, my heart was always beating wildly. To hide my nervousness I tried to have a look at her paper.
“Yesterday I’d tried writing the introductory chapter of my thesis. I found it hard to arrange words into sentence and sentences into a coherence paragraph like yours. Here is the result of my writing. I’m not sure whether it is right or wrong. Any way, I’d be very happy if you don’t mind lending me a hand to revise it.” Amy talked so provocatively pleading me.
“Let me see…hm…it’s quite well. I catch the ideas that you convey. But…it seems to me that you need to refine your grammar and choice of word.” I tried to give comment, which did not offend her heart.
“What about the title of my thesis, is it alright?”
“That’s ok… you are quite well in relating your content and the title. The ideas are clear enough.”
“Which one should I revise?”
“Sorry Amy …..It’s not an easy task to determine it. I need to think over. I don’t think I can do it here. Any way..….If you don’t mind may I take it home?”
“ Oh…. It’s really no matter but I’m afraid if it’ll disturb your own thesis.” Amy said politely.
“Never think about it. Make sure that I can divide time fairly for my own interest and yours. You know that my thesis is also in relation to equality. I must be justice even to myself.” I argued provocatively.
“Thank you very much Leo for your help.”
“ Don’t mention it. Today I help you, but on the other day I certainly need other people help. We are Moslem. We have to help each other. Well… so...when will we meet again?”
“ How about tomorrow morning. I’ll see you at your boarding house about at nine o’clock. Are you convenient?”
“It’s a good idea. By the way, do you have class now?”
“ Yeach… I’m going to down stairs right away. How about you?”
“ So am I, I’ve got another appointment with someone. As you see, to add my pocket money I teach in a college and open a translation service.”
“OK…. Let’s go.”
I was really happy. My plan ran well. What a great day I had at library with her. Oh…Amy…I would conquer your heart! You’d be mine forever. You drove me crazy. I couldn’t think of anything but her stature.
It was really a nice morning. The sun shone like a polished coin. The morning air smelt as fresh as spring. The day was a special gift. I opened it like a child wishing for a surprise. I’d cleaned my room. I’d prepared everything to welcome her, the queen of my heart. By the time of her arrival, I was always restless. What should I do and say? How should I treat her? Oh…. Let it flow!
“Assalamu alaikum!” a soft voice startled me.
“Wa alaikum salam” I answered her greeting politely.
“ Oh Amy… It’s really nice to meet you. Come on in and have a seat please. Sorry I cannot provide a place as comfortable as yours.”
“No..no..no…You’ve prepared everything well for me. I like simplicity and tidy like this. Leo… I do beg your pardon for disturbing you. I’m poor in writing subject so that make you trouble. “
“Amy… never says such a word anymore. I feel really delighted to be able to help you. Amy… one who cannot help other people by his wealthy will be happy if he can assist others using his ideas and thought. Isn’t like that our religious teaching?”
“ Firstly I was frustrated by this final task. I almost despaired facing this endless problem. It’s really a good luck for me finding a boy such as you whom voluntarily and kindly offer aid to me. Suppose you don’t want to help me, what will happen to me. Maybe my four years study will be in vain.” She spoke emotionally.
I saw her eyes turning into red and a drop of tear flew slowly behind her beautiful eyeglasses. I couldn’t stand looking at her. A feeling of pity crept into my heart.
“Don’t worry Amy. Don’t be up set. We are classmates. I promise I’ll do my best to help you until finish. It’s a duty of a friend Amy. One Moslem and another are like brother. All people need other people. Everyone needs care and attention.”
The first meeting in my boarding house took a long time. More than three hours we spent time talking about our background of life. I didn’t realize why the topic of our discussion came to family and background of life.
Day by day went on so quickly. My relation with Amy got closer and closer. She went to my boarding house so often that many people thought she was my girl friend. I never realized that her frequent coming to my boarding house made my next-door neighbors jealous. They provoked me that she really loved me very much, only she didn’t dare to express it since she is a girl. It’s I who had to say it first.
Firstly, I never had such a feeling like that. Instead, I only intended to help her. That’s all. Nevertheless, I didn’t know why now I felt for her. Most of my friends supported me and encouraged me to express directly my love to her. I doubt whether she really loved me or not. She came from a rich family and I’m from a poor family. I realized who am I. It’s quite impossible in present time a girl such as Amy who accustomed living in a materialistic and hedonistic orientation would accept me only because I had helped her.
My thesis problems mingled with Amy’s affair. In this hard condition even, I received a letter from my sweet heart in Batam. I had known her since I was a senior high school student but we loved each other lately when I was at the edge of my study in University. We had loved each other so deeply. Almost every month I wrote a letter for her but I met her only once at her home in Malang. She was studying in management department and working there.
What such a complicated problem I faced. In fact, my parents didn’t welcome well my sweet heart, Annie. They consider Annie still need along time to finish her study. If I married her, it meant that her burden of living and studying would be mine. However, it was impossible for me to betray her since she was an orphan girl and Allah loved her. If I betrayed her, it meant I committed a war against Allah, my creator.
My heart and my thought fought hardly. I was just like an unmanned boat in the middle of ocean. Doubt drove me crazy. Hamlet, one of Shakespeare works gave me a solution. I didn’t only ever read the drama comprehensively but I ever see the film as well. I thought I was Hamlet. I should not be crazy because of doubtfulness. Finally, I decided to find certainty by expressing my feeling to Amy. My intention was only to know whether she really loved me or not.
One day, I phoned her and made an appointment to come and see her at her boarding house on the next day.
I turned on the bell of her boarding house twice as a code of calling her. After a moment, she had appeared in front of the door. She looked pale and sad. I entered into the room and sat besides her.
“ Amy… My coming here is not for doing triangulation of my thesis but I have a very serious problem with you. “
“What kind of problem do you have?” Amy replied in a soft voice full of astonishment.
“ You know Amy…. Your frequent coming to my boarding house…....in one hand made our friendship closer but on the other hand it has drove me into confusion.”
“ Why can it be like that? What’s wrong with me?”
“You are not wrong Amy…. To speak frankly Amy….. I…. I…fall for you. “
These words were a thunder in Amy’s ear. She kept silent for a moment.
“ Leo… I appreciate your brevity and your honesty to express your feeling. Nevertheless, I do beg your pardon if my answer cannot satisfy your heart. I want to keep the relation between you and me as it was. I only want to be a friend and not more than that. The relation in friendship is longer than love. Leo… if I collect all of my parents wealthy and I give them all to you, it is not enough to pay your help to me. That is why, I want to be your friend forever….one day …I still need your help.”
Actually, I had guest that it would be the answer and now what I guest was right. My doubt had gone away.
“ Amy it’s your right to make decision like that. It doesn’t really matter. Please forgive me if I have offended your heart.”
“ You are not wrong Leo, every man has right to express his love to woman in the same way as every woman has right to jilt a man.”
I left her boarding house with no burden anymore and it reminded me that now I was in the hospital.
More than two weeks I was bedridden in hospital. In my weakest condition, I should be forced to grapple with tuberculoses in one hand and to finish my thesis revision on the other hand. I was about to give up. I left everything to the hand of God. If I had to end up my life here so be it. I’d be happy to take for granted my fate. I was hopeless and helpless. I repented why I expressed my feeling to Amy if only to made her offended. What a great sin I had done. What a poor man I was doing such a fool thing in front of her. My heart was infatuated. It was a slender of my foolish.
My imagination went flash back to the past event. It’s the first day and the first time I stayed in hospital. It’s also the first time I knew exactly that Amy jilted me. It’s Buddy, my close friend who hospitalized me and also brought me news that she didn’t love me.
“Its too late Buddy. Your information is useless. I have broken her heart by breaking my own heart. It’s unbearable. Why don’t you tell me at that time?”
“ I’m afraid you’ll be offended. It’s my fault. Please forgive me. “
“Never mind. It has come to the pass. “ Unintentionally, tear dropped from my eyes just like a dew drop from the grass. Again, I went back to my pass memory.
My desperation made me work so hard. I did my thesis day and night. I hardly ever took a rest. I kept on doing Amy’s thesis even harder and quicker than before. I hoped in this way I could pay my sin to Amy. I forced myself to work overtime. Besides, I also wrote a literary work entitled Birunya Langit Yogya, meant the blue sky above Yogyakarta. It contained my maneuver of love to Amy. If my words that I uttered on that day were poison, I expected that this book would be a honey. I started the first chapter by staying in Parangtritis beach for a day to look for inspiration.
Finishing this book, soon I gave her as the first and the last present. After working so hard finally the day of thesis examination came and I could pass it well with “A” mark. It really made me happy. Feminism was the theme of my thesis. A week after this exam I felt sick. Tuberculoses had destroyed my lung. Then, Buddy took me into this hospital.
Now I would wait for nothing but dead. This dreadful malady would take my soul away. This great affliction tortured my soul. She visited me in the hospital with her classmates. I was startled, unsure of what I was seeing. The sight of Amy. I almost couldn’t stand crying when looking at my friends one by one. Amy was among them. She had stolen my heart. And now like an angel she would take my soul away. Her love did not kill me but poisoned my life.
Amy…Once a bright light of our golden age in friendship died, it would die. Amy… you were the light of the east. Once called the queen of my heart, you also had been dabbed the girl of the morning calm. A sweet-faced girl set your heart at rest. I had not been as good a friend as you had expected, bidding farewell to you. You’re coming here just to have a last look at me. Goodbye and I hope you enjoy long life and good health.
I lost my appetite. I couldn’t swallow even a spoon of rice. An empty stomach made my body weak. The reflection of the misery I had just experienced and the echo of desperate cries were still lingering in my mind. It made me sick. It’s my own fault. I’d first raised a dust and then complained that I couldn’t see. 18 days in hospital had elapsed. A good treatment of my kind doctor and the help of Allah had escorted me into a good recovery of my health. I was happy even though I still needed to consume medicine for at least six months to cure my illness. What such a long journey to get my health back.
At the other place, arriving at dormitory after working, Annie in hurry reached the letter lying on the floor under the door. It’s a letter from Leo. She kissed it and jumped for a joy to the bed. Quickly she opened the envelope and read the letter. The letter said:

Dearest my sweet heart Annie,
With kind regard, I blow the wind of happiness to your town. I hope nothing but you also enjoy my happiness. My sickness is a gold bridge toward your heart. Annie,…I would be very glad if you could come on my graduation day. I’ll share my pride and happiness with you. There is no happiness more joyful to me other than you are besides me forever. My love to you has been deeply planted in my heart that I cannot live without your love.
Please pray for me, May I get a good job soon after I graduated. After that, wait me to engage you. In addition, the hit of all our pride and happiness is when we marry.
I think that’s all from me now, please tell me whether you could manage the time or not.

With love
Leo

Annie was my first and my last love. I had closed all the doors and windows of my heart to other women. I could have said a word when the pretty little girl lay in my arms. Annie said nothing but “never leave me and be my love forever.” Just us and the mountain in Kaliurang witnessed our promise. We rose our pray to the heaven may Allah blesses our love. No one was happier on this graduation day than me. Annie was besides me. I had passed the long winding way toward her heart. A hard time was over and I still waited for the next harder journey.

THE END





TASK I
Read the short story above carefully. Retell the story above in your own words by writing about 20 sentences.

TASK II
Write 20 sentences to continue this short story. Use these hints to guide you to discover your ideas. Please do feel free to express your imagination.

1. Does Leo finally marry Annie?
2. Is Amy jealous when she witnessing Leo hand in hand with Annie on the graduation day?
3. What will Leo do to persuade his parents to accept Annie as his wife?
4. Why Amy does not accept Leo’s love?
5. Does Amy know the long distance relation between Leo and Annie?
6. Can Leo forget his love to Amy after Annie besides him?
7. What will happen if Annie knows the relation between Amy and Leo?
8. Suppose you are to be Leo and both Amy and Annie love you, who will be your choice? Why?

artikel seminar english community di dome unmuh ponorogo

URGENSI PENGUASAAN BAHASA INGGRIS
DALAM PERGOLAKAN ARUS TRANSFORMASI


OLEH : MARSUDIONO



A. Pendahuluan

Inggris sebagai bahasa Internasional mutlak harus dikuasai oleh siapapun yang ingin mampu bersaing dalam kompetisi international. Dalam berkompetisi seseorang harus memiliki kompetensi yang memadai dan salah satunya adalah penguasaan bahasa Inggris. Tujuan dari kompetisi adalah meraih ’life space’ atau sering kita sebut ’pekerjaan’. Untuk mendapatkan kemenangan dalam kompetisi seseorang harus memiliki ’self relience’ atau spirit yang selalu ingin menjadi pionir. Dengan demikian kompetensi adalah ’lokomotif’ yang akan membawa ’gerbong’ keberhasilan sedangkan ’self relience’ adalah bahan bakar yang akan menggerakkan lokomotif. Untuk itulah sebelum berniat menguasai bahasa Inggris cobalah tanya pada diri sendiri ”sudahkah saya memiliki ’self relience’?”
Saat ini hampir semua Sekolah Dasar sudah memulai pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris sejak kelas satu. Bahkan sebagian Taman Kanak-Kanak sudah mengenalkan bahasa Inggris kepada siswanya. Ini berarti ketika lulus SMA siswa setidaknya sudah belajar bahasa Inggris selama dua belas tahun. Sungguh jangka waktu yang tidak pendek. Dengan proses belajar selama itu, bila dilihat kompetensi bahasa Inggris siswa lulusan SMA belum menunjukkan kemampuan berbahasa Inggris yang baik.
Benarkah menguasai bahasa Inggris itu sulit? Mengapa pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris yang dimulai sejak SD tidak banyak membawa perubahan yang significant? Bagaimanakah belajar bahasa Inggris yang efektif itu? Kapan kita harus belajar bahasa Inggris? Untuk apa kita belajar bahasa Inggris? Siapa yang harus belajar bahasa Inggris? Dimanakah kita harus belajar bahasa Inggris? Makalah ini bermaksud untuk mengurai benang-benang kusut pembelajaran bahasa Inggris di Indonesia dan memberikan sentuhan stimulus solusi alternatif menuju keberhasilan.


B. Urgensi Penguasaan Bahasa Inggris
Banyak orang yang mengakui bahwa menguasai bahasa Inggris itu penting tapi tidak banyak orang yang mau melakukan langkah-langkah kongkrit untuk dapat menguasainya. Banyak orang yang sudah mencoba belajar bahasa Inggris dengan berbagai cara dan media, tapi tidak banyak orang yang mampu menggunakan bahasa Inggris secara aktif.
Mengapa belajar bahasa Inggris itu penting? Coba anda renungkan kutipan kata – kata Alice Oshima berikut, ” Unless you plan to spend your life alone on a desert island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, English is a useful language to know.”
Dalam arus transformasi sekarang ini dunia berubah dengan cepat. Untuk mengetahui apa yang sedang terjadi di Eropa atau amerika saat ini cukup kita duduk menghadap internet. Kunci untuk dapat mengikuti arus transformasi itu adalah penguasaan bahasa Inggris. Dengan bahasa Inggris anda dapat membuka pintu dunia dan negara manapun.
Saat ini peluang kerja yang baik hamper pasti dalam iklan lowongan pekerjaannya selalu mensyaratkan pelamar untuk menguasai bahasa Inggris dengan aktif dan lancar. Bagi mereka yang akan mengambil program pasca sarjana atau kuliah ke luar negeri harus lulus test TOEFL. Bahkan bagi pelamar kerja di lembaga kursus bahasa Inggris di Yogyakarta, sudah sejak lama mengadakan test TOEFL untuk seleksi penerimaannya. Demikian juga untuk mendapatkan beasiswa tertentu juga mensyaratkan penguasaan bahasa Inggris. Ini semua menunjukkan betapa pentingnya penguasaan bahasa Inggris di era sekarang.

Bahasa Inggris Seperti Apa yang Harus Kita Pelajarai?
Bahasa Inggris memiliki banyak variasi baik acsent maupun grammarnya. Inggris British dan amerika merupakan dua standar bahasa Inggris yang bisa dijadikan acuan. Perbedaan acsent maupun grammar tidak terlalu banyak jadi tidak perlu dirisaukan saat belajar bahasa Inggris.
Untuk menguasai bahasa sama halnya membangun rumah ada dua unsur yang harus dimiliki. Pertama, kosakata merupakan material kalau membuat rumah. Kedua adalah grammar yang merupakan kerangka rancangannya. Membangun rumah tanpa material adalah mimpi. Membangun rumah hanya dengan material tanpa rancangan tidak akan menghasilkan konstruksi yang baik. Kalau diibaratkan orang masak, maka grammar adalah resepnya dan kosakata adalah bahannya. Enak tidaknya masakan sangat tergantung pada bahan yang ada dan penguasaan resepnya. Menguasai bahasa berarti menguasai kosakata dan grammarnya.
Berikut contoh penggunaan bahasa tanpa menguasai grammar:
- What today no writing class sir?
- I must think it cook cook.
- Talking- talking, you know David Becham?
Berikut contoh penggunaan bahasa tanpa menguasai kosakata:
- I poison do the test with good.
- Because headache I drink Bodrek.
- Please kill the television.

Variasi Kosakata Dalam Bahasa Inggris
1. Formal : demand = want, fatique = tired
2. General : inform = appraise, home = residence
3. Colloquial : punk = rubbbish, vim = energy
4. Idiom : piece of cake = very easy, Oh my = astaga
5. Slang : kid = child, grass = marijuana
6. Archaic : thy = your, thou = you, hath = have
7. Poetic : folliage = leafe, bewail = mourn for, olden = old
8. Jargon : Zenith (astronomy), alibi (law), vector (mathematics)
9. Reduced Forms : gonna = going to, wanna = want to, gimme = give me
10. Clipped Words : log = logaritma, dorm = dormitory, phone = telephone
11. Borrowing/ : ad hoc (latin) = special, coup de tat (france) = rebelion
Loan Words
Dari berbagai jenis kosakata di atas tidak semua harus dikuasai melainkan sesuaikan dengan kebutuhan.
English for specific purposes (ESP) bisa jadi alternatif terbaik bagi mahasiswa untuk persiapan ke dunia kerja. Di ESP materi sudah dirancang sesuai dengan jurusan dan kompetensi yang diperlukan dalam dunia kerja.
Dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris di Perguruan Tinggi hendaknya diarahkan juga ke TOEFL (Test of English as Foreign Language) dan TOEIC (test of English as International Communication. Karena ketika akan kerja ke luar negeri sebagai tenaga profesi, kedua tes ini memegang peran penting untuk mencapai keberhasilan. Test TOEFL lebih bersifat akademis sedangkan Test TOEIC lebih bersifat Vocational. Dalam Test ini seseorang akan diuji profisiensinya dalam menguasai language skills dan unsur bahasa seperti grammar, expression, vocabulary, reading dan listening.

C. Strategi Menguasai Bahasa Inggris
Untuk belajar bahasa Inggris secara efisien tips berikut bisa dicoba.
1. Pelajarilah Expression
Menguasai kosakata dan grammar tidak cukup untuk mengungkapkan suatu gagasan. Dengan mempelajari ungkapan anda akan jauh lebih cepat dapat menguasai bahasa asing dari pada denngan cara menguasai kosakata dan grammar terlebih dulu.
Contoh ungkapan dan terjemahannya:
- I have lunch = saya makan siang
- Do you get it? = kamu paham?
- Wait a sec = tunggu sebentar
- Do you want some? = mau mencicipi?
2. Punyailah target penguasaan kosakata
Bertambahnya usia harus disertai bertambahnya kosakata. Buatlah kamus pribadi tentang kata-kata yang anda anggap penting dan bawalah kemanapun buku itu. Setiap kosakata pastikan anda tahu artinya, tulisannya, ucapannya, dan cara menggunakannya dalam kalimat. Lado menegaskan bahwa untuk berkomunikasi lisan sederhana kita hendaknya menguasai minimal 2000 kata. Sedangkan untuk menulis, setidaknya kita memiliki perbendaharaan kosakata sekitar 3000sampai 4000 kata.
3. Kuasailah tata bahasa
Pelajarilah grammar/ tata bahasa/ tenses/ pola kalimat sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan tujuan. Menurut House dan Harman (1987), ”The pattern of a language is seen in its grammar (word order, forms, and structure) rather than in its vocabulary.





4. Praktekkan
Praktekkan bahasa Inggris anda kapanpun, dimanapun, dan dengan siapapun.
Kondisi budaya masyarakat sekitar anda amat berpengaruh dalam praktik. Rasa malu, enggan, sungkan sering kali jadi faktor penghambat. Untuk mengatasi ini anda bisa melakukan tips berikut.
a. Buatlah English Speaking Club terdiri dari sekitar lima orang dan secara bergantian tiap orang mempresentasikan suatu topik ringan untuk di bahas. Buatlah jadwal pertemuan minimal seminggu sekali. Ini melatih critical thinking dalam berbahasa.
b. Buatlah agenda tiap dua atau tiga bulan sekali praktik berkomunikasi dengan orang asing ke tempat wisata yang ada banyak tourist asingnya. Ini untuk mengukur apakah ucapan dan bahasa anda sudah dapat diterima oleh native speaker/ orang asing. Anda juga dapat mencoba kemampuan writing dengan mencoba mengirim karya ke majalah/ media lain yang berbahasa Inggris. Penggunaan chatting, face book, e mail di internet juga dapat membantu anda praktek berbahasa Inggris.
c. Language is a matter of habit. Bahasa hanyalah masalah kebiasaan. Biasakan diri anda dengan bahasa Inggris. Dengarkan music Inggris dan cermati syairnya. Tontonlah film Inggris dan catatlah kosakata barunya. Rubahlah maind set anda ke Inggris. Setting hand phone anda dengan Inggris.
d. Berkaryalah dengan bahasa Inggris. Ingatan anda akan lebih kuat kalau anda ikat kosakata dan grammar itu dengan kalimat yang anda buat sendiri. Buatlah puisi atau short story atau diary yang dapat mengikat memory anda.
5. Punyailah sosok yang jadi standar anda dalah penguasaan bahasa Inggris. Misalnya tahun ini Inggris saya harus sudah seperti Si Fulan. Dengan target ini anda akan termotifasi untuk maju. Bila target tak tercapai evaluasilah dan bila sudah tercapai standarnya naikkanlah.
6. Bayangkan manfaat kalau anda sudah menguasai bahasa Inggris. Hal ini dapat memotifasi anda untuk maju. Dengan menguasai bahasa Inggris anda dapat menikmati karya-karya terbaik sastra dunia, dapat informasi lebih cepat dan anda sudah punya kuncinya. With English, there is no boundaries among the countries and we are just like a family. Dengan bahasa Inggris tidak ada batas suatu negara dan kita seperti satu keluarga.
7. Yakinlah anda akan dapat menguasai bahasa Inggris.
If you think you can, you can. Faith is necessary to achieve victory. Kalau anda berpikir bias pasti bias. Keyakinan penting untuk meraih kemenangan.
8. Berdoalah setiap akan belajar
Sembilan puluh sembilan persen keberhasilan anda amat ditentukan oleh usaha anda. Berdoa meskipun kecil prosentasenya tapi amat menentukan.

D. Kesimpulan
Untuk berkompetisi dalam arus transformasi internasional seseorang harus memiliki kompetensi berbahasa asing, yakni Inggris. Sebagai alat komunikasi bahasa ini mutlak harus dikuasai dan dalam proses pembelajarannya seseorang mesti menguasai dua unsur bahasa yaitu grammar dan kosakata. Untuk belajar secara efektif diperlukan pemilihan materi, waktu dan tempat yang tepat.
Tiada cara yang terbaik untuk belajar bahasa kecuali mempraktekkannya. Maka gagasan membentuk English Community adalah ide cerdas yang layak untuk di implementasikan. Selamat mencoba.

marsudionosmart@yahoo.com

BIBLIOGRAPHY

House, H dan Harman, S.E 1987. Descriptive English Grammar. Englewood Cliffs:
prentice Hall

Lado, R 1997. Linguistics Across Cultures. Michigan: The University of Michigan
Press

Oshima, A. and Hogue ,A 1983. Writing Academic English. Massachusetts: Addison-
Wesley Publishing Company.

Wulandari, I 2002. Word Power: broaden your World through Words. Malang : Reform No 22. 2002